1.International Migration
DEFINITION
International migration occurs when
peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum
length of time. Migration occurs for many reasons. Many people leave their home
countries in order to look for economic opportunities in another country.
Others migrate to be with family members who have migrated or because of
political conditions in their countries. Education is another reason for
international migration, as students pursue their studies abroad. While there
are several different potential systems for categorizing international
migrants, one system organizes them into nine groups: temporary labour
migrants; irregular, illegal, or undocumented migrants; highly skilled and
business migrants; refugees; asylum seekers; forced migration; family members;
return migrants; and long-term, low-skilled migrants. These migrants can also be divided into two large
groups, permanent and temporary. Permanent migrants intend to establish their
permanent residence in a new country and possibly obtain that country’s
citizenship. Temporary migrants intend only to stay for a limited periods of
time; perhaps until the end of a particular program of study or for the
duration of a their work contract or a certain work season.Both types of
migrants have a significant effect on the economies and societies of the chosen
destination country and the country of origin.
2.MIXED/HYBRID LANGUAGES
DEFINITION
A mixed language is a
language that arises through the fusion of two source languages, normally in
situations of thorough bilingualism, so that it is not possible to classify the
resulting language as belonging to either of the language families that were
its sources.
A mixed language differs from a
pidgin in that the speakers developing the language are fluent, even native,
speakers of both languages, whereas a pidgin develops when groups of people
with little knowledge of each other's languages come into contact and have need
of a basic communication system, as for trade, but do not have enough contact
to learn each other's language.
3. HUMAN INTERACTION/INTERDEPENDENCE
DEFINITION
Interdependence is a relationship in which each member is
mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependence
relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not.
In an interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally,
economically, ecologically and/or morally reliant on and responsible to each
other. An interdependent relationship can arise between two or more cooperative
autonomous participants (e.g. - co-op). Some people advocate freedom or
independence as the ultimate good; others do the same with devotion to one's
family, community, or society. Interdependence can be a common ground between
these aspirations.
4.TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS
DEFINITION
Technology Transfer also called Transfer of Technology
(TOT) and Technology Commercialisation, is the process of
transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples
of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other
institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible
to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the
technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services.
It is closely related to (and may arguably be considered a subset of) knowledge
transfer.
Some also consider technology transfer as a process of
moving promising research topics into a level of maturity ready for bulk
manufacturing or production[citation needed]
5. OUTSOURCING/OFFSHORING
DEFINITIONS
Offshore outsourcing is the practice of hiring an external
organization to perform some business functions in a country other than the one
where the products or services are actually developed or manufactured. It can
be contrasted with offshoring, in which the functions are performed in a
foreign country by a foreign subsidiary. Opponents point out that the practice
of sending work overseas by countries with higher wages reduces their own
domestic employment and domestic investment. Many customer service jobs as well
as jobs in the information technology sectors (data processing, computer
programming, and technical support) in countries such as the United States and
the United Kingdom - have been or are potentially affected.
Offshoring describes the relocation by a company of a
business process from one country to another—typically an operational process,
such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Even state
governments employ offshoring. More recently, offshoring has been
associated primarily with the sourcing of technical and administrative services
supporting domestic and global operations from outside the home country, by
means of internal (captive) or external (outsourcing) delivery models.
6. BRAIN DRAIN
DEFINITION
Brain drain (or human capital flight), is
the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical
skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively
come from countries and individuals. In terms of countries, the reasons may be
social environment (in source countries: lack of opportunities, political
instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks, etc.; in host
countries: rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, developed
economy, better living conditions, etc.). In terms of individual reasons, there
are family influence (overseas relatives), and personal preference: preference
for exploring, ambition for an improved career, etc. Although the term
originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has
broadened into: "the departure of educated or professional people from one
country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or
living conditions". Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost,
since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training
sponsored by the government or other organizations. It is a parallel of capital
flight, which refers to the same movement of financial capital. Brain drain is
often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination,
while their country of emigration experiences the draining of skilled
individuals.
7. INTERNATIONAL/GLOBALIZED TRADE
DEFINITION
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across
international borders or territories.In most countries, such trade represents a
significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade
has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its
economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent
centuries.
Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational
corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the
international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the
continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be
limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.
Globalization (or globalisation—see
spelling differences) is the process of international integration arising from
the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of social forces such as
religion, politics, and economics. Globalization can erode and universalize the
characteristics of a local group. Advances in transportation and
telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the Internet, are
major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic
and cultural activities
8. MASS/SUSTAINABLE/ECO TOURISM
DEFINITIONS
Mass tourism could only have developed with the
improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people
in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers
of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.
Sustainable tourism is tourism attempting to make as low an impact
on the environment and local culture as possible, while helping to generate
future employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure
that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism
companies and the tourists themselves. "Sustainable tourism is an adopted
practice in successful ecotourism. Environmental sustainability is one of the
essential six principles that must be achieved at a 100% level."
Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile,
pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact
and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism. Its
purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological
conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures
and for human rights. Since the 1980s ecotourism has been considered a critical
endeavour by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience
destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several
university programs use this description as the working definition of
ecotourism
9. HUMAN SMUGGLING/TRAFFICKING
DEFINITIONS
People smuggling (also called human smuggling) is "the
facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a
person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more
countries laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of
fraudulent documents". The term is understood as and often used
interchangeably with migrant smuggling, which is defined by the United Nations
Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime as "...the procurement,
in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material
benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the
person is not a national". The practice of people smuggling has seen a
rise over the past few decades and today now accounts for a significant portion
of illegal immigration in countries around the world. People smuggling
generally takes place with the consent of the person or persons being smuggled,
and common reasons for individuals seeking to be smuggled include employment
and economic opportunity, personal and/or familial betterment, and escape from
persecution or conflict.
Unlike human trafficking, people smuggling is characterized by the consent
between customer and smuggler - a contractual agreement that typically
terminates upon arrival in the destination location.
Human trafficking is the trade in human beings, most commonly for
the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labor or for the extraction of organs or
tissues, including surrogacy and ova removal. Trafficking
is a lucrative industry. It is second only to drug trafficking as the most
profitable illegal industry in the world.
10. ARMS TRADE/TRAFFICKING
DEFINITIONS
The arms industry is a global
business which manufactures weapons and military technology and equipment. It
consists of commercial industry involved in research, development, production,
and service of military material, equipment and facilities. Arms producing companies,
also referred to as defense contractors or military industry,
produce arms mainly for the armed forces of states. Departments of government
also operate in the arms industry, buying and selling weapons, munitions and
other military items. Products include guns, ammunition, missiles, military
aircraft, military vehicles, ships, electronic systems, and more. The arms
industry also conducts significant research and development.
Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the illegal
trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition. What constitutes
legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national laws.
11. ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE
DEFINITION
The illegal drug trade is a global
black market, dedicated to cultivation, manufacturing, distribution, and sale
of drugs, which are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions
prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs by drug
prohibition laws
12. RURAL-URBAN/URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION
DEFINITIONS
Basically is the movement of people from villages(rural) to the big city’s
caused by the demographic transition and the developpement of citys(My definition).
Rural-Urban is the physical growth of urban
areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into
cities, particularly the very large ones. It is closely linked to
modernisation, industrialisation, and the sociological process of
rationalisation.
Urban-rural health differences are observed in
many countries, even when socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are
controlled for. People living in urban areas are often found to be less healthy. When
socioeconomic and demographic variables are controlled for, movers appear to be
less healthy, with the exception of the younger age groups.
13. UPWARD SOCIAL/GEOGRAPHIC
MOBILITY
DEFINITIONS
Upward social mobility is a change in a person's social status
resulting in that person rising to a higher position in their status
system. However, downward mobility implies a person's social status falls
to a lower position in their status system. A prime example of an
opportunity for upward mobility nowadays is in athletics. There is an
increasing number of minorities holding top executive positions in the NBA.
As Delorenzi (2006) points out:
“geographical mobility (both international and internal) has always been an
important means for people to achieve social mobility”
Living in areas with a high concentration of social deprivation or poor access
to transport reinforces the socio-economic disadvantage.
Being able to move out of these areas may increase the chances of upward social
mobility.
14. RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS/AID AGENCIES
DEFINITION
An aid agency is an organisation dedicated
to distributing aid. Many professional aid organisations exist, both within
government (e.g. AusAID, USAID, DFID, EuropeAid, ECHO), between governments as
multilateral donors (e.g. UNDP) and as private voluntary organizations (or
non-governmental organisations, (e.g. ActionAid, Oxfam, World Vision). The
International Committee of the Red Cross is unique in being mandated by
international treaty to uphold the Geneva Conventions.
Aid can be subdivided into two categories: humanitarian aid (emergency relief
efforts, e.g. in response to natural disasters), and development aid (or
foreign aid), aimed at helping countries to achieve long-term sustainable
economic growth, with the aim of achieving poverty reduction. Some aid agencies
carry out both kinds of aid (e.g. EcoCARE Pacific Trust and ADRA), whilst
others specialise (e.g. Red Cross, humanitarian aid; War on Want, development
aid).
15. STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
DEFINITION
A student exchange program is a program where students from a
secondary school or university study abroad at one of their institution's
partner institutions. Student exchange programs may involve international
travel, but does not necessarily require the student to study outside of their
home country. For example, the National Student Exchange program (NSE) offers
placements throughout the United States and Canada.
16. GLOBAL CITIES/GLOBAL CULTURAL EVENTS
DEFINITIONS
A global city (also called world city or
sometimes alpha city or world center) is a city
generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The
concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that
globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in
strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the
operation of the global system of finance and trade.
The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the
linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs
through socio-economic means.The use of "global city", as opposed to
"megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991
work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo though the term "world
city" to describe cities that control a disproportionate amount of global
business dates to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool by The
Illustrated London News. Patrick Geddes also used the term "world
city" later in 1915.Cities can fall from such categorization, as in the
case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less internationally
renowned in the current era, e.g., Alexandria, Egypt; Coimbra, Portugal; and
Thessaloniki, Greece.
17.GLOBAL WARMING
DEFINITION
Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's
atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected
continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature
has increased by about 0.8 °C(1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the
increase occurring since 1980.Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and
scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the
burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.These findings are recognized by the
national science academies of all major industrialized nations
